If anything, it's not boring. Our products are not commodities, but they are not specialties either. Bouchra said it in the video. They have very unique characteristics that make them different. We can define them around the six following dimensions and let me explain a few of them.
So looking solely at the product, essential chemicals would be, in most cases, close to commodity. There may be a few references, but very often, it is sold on specifications and the product is roughly the same for all producers.
If you look at the technology, essential chemicals will be closer to specialty. Our processes are not available off the shelf. A strong expertise and know-how are required to be able to design and operate the plants. That's how we can license some of our technologies, like our mega plant technology for peroxide. Only a few companies own and master the technology.
Similarly, the way we interact with customers is different from commodity players. In all of our businesses, we need to know our customers, understand their needs and build relationships. While we don't sell value, we don't just apply an index that will vary every month. And we tend to have stable long-term supply agreements and strong innovation programs with our customers.
Being essential is also being focused. Our portfolio of product is simple, five mono technologies, soda ash and bicar, peroxide, silica, fluorine and rare earth, and one very strong regional player, coatis, that is more focused on the Latin American market. We can be much more focused and reactive than before, the split with the specialty activities that we made in 2023.
And we serve a large number of customers in a wide range of end markets. Take automotive, construction, health care, or electronics, each account for less than 20% of our overall sales. This brings resilience which is important for our clients, our employees and our shareholders.
Being close to your customers is another key elements when you want to build long-term partnerships. This is why at Solvay, more than 80% of our sales are actually regional or local to local. And it brings other advantages such as competitiveness, when you know that essential products can be expensive to transport. It's also good for security of supply. And it's the best protection against tariffs.
Let's now deep dive into our strategic levers. Those strategic levers are driving our choices for resource allocation and for setting priorities. And you will have the opportunity to discuss them again after the meeting as they are represented in the demo zone on my right, behind the wall. Take your time, in particular during the lunch, we have our people that will be happy to explain to you what they are.
First, operational excellence. This means continuous progress and optimization of operations and systems. Our initial plan was to achieve more than EUR 300 million of savings by 2028. We have increased that target to EUR 350 million, and we expect to reach EUR 200 million already by the end of this year. That will contribute to ensure our business remains competitive and improve their position as benchmarks in their respective industries.
And as you can imagine, digitalization is a key component of those plants. For example, we use more and more devices to monitor the equipment and improve the reliability of our assets. And as a result, our maintenance costs. We also use devices and machine learning to constantly optimize our processes and reduce our consumptions of energy and raw material.
Beyond digitalization, we are also saving on our transportation costs by changing the transport mode, the lot size or the number of rotations.
We optimize our footprint as well. Last year, we closed three plants. Povoa in Portugal and Warrington in the U.K. were closed to adapt to the new reality of the hydrogen peroxide demand in Europe. We also closed our TFA production in Salindres, France. [Foreign Language]
Moving to the next slide, with the energy transition road map and the need to accelerate its execution because really, this is a strategic imperative. It's driven by our commitment to the planet, the clear expectations of our customers and also by the fundamental need to remain competitive. Particularly in Europe, we have the rising cost of energy and of carbon emissions, creates a distinct economic advantage for sustainable businesses. This is critical for our long-term success. We have successfully deployed some of the largest global decarbonization projects. And thanks to this, Solvay in general, has already reduced its CO2 emissions in half -- by half in the last 20 years, cutting by half.
Our road map includes clear milestones. Compared to 2021, a 30% emissions reduction cut by 2030, another 1/3 of reduction by 2040 and Net Zero by 2050. Implementation will involve coal phase out, the rollout of e.Solvay and other technological breakthrough projects. We will invest at Solvay a CapEx of EUR 30 million to EUR 35 million annually, which is affordable, until 2030. This CapEx will increase to EUR 50 million per year by 2040, and this will be complemented by strategic third-party financing for key projects.
Third, strategic lever, process innovation. This is how Solvay started by revolutionizing the soda ash process in the 19th century. This is in our DNA. So we understand well the importance of staying ahead of the curve and continuously improving our processes. It can take many forms from bringing improvements to existing processes like new generations of catalysts for our peroxide plants to finding technologies to offer circular materials. This is for silica with the rice husk ash process in Italy. Or digital tools to transform the way we operate at the level of the shop floor.
Our flagship e.Solvay process where we reinvent a new way to manufacture soda ash. We're making rapid progress. We're reaching technological feasibility, and we can now work on the economical equation.
Finally, production capacity. That's both to sustain our market share in our traditional markets and also to capture growth in high potential opportunities that our products can serve. In our traditional markets, growth is close to GDP. We invest when our customers need it. This can be done by expanding our existing production capacities, building new units or increasing production through partnerships. But it is always done on sites where we have a competitive advantage and where we have a clear road map in terms of sustainability.
Beyond these core end markets, each global business unit has growth applications where we see high potential opportunities and where we want to invest. A few examples.
In our Soda Ash and Derivatives business, we have new bicar applications, such as Solvair Marine. It's an innovative technology used as a dry exhaust gas treatment system for sulfur oxide and particle removal for the shipping industry. In silica, circular high disbursable silica is expected by tire manufacturers to increase the share of circularity in their total sales. In Special Chem, we have inaugurated in April, the first production of rare earth oxides for permanent magnets. In our site of La Rochelle here.
In 2024, we have taken the time to define the sustainability agenda of the company while aligning it with the new Solvay profile. In March of this year, we launched For Generations. For Generations is our new sustainability road map. We have refreshed our ambition, added new commitments, redefined our processes and our governance. But the ultimate goals remain the same. Reduce our impact, create trust and value.
The road map is structured around two pillars: Planet progress focused on climate and nature and better life for people and communities. It will be deployed in all our sites around the world along the Star Factory program, which aims at designing the factories of the future. It is also integrated into the incentives in all layers of management with safety, CO2 emissions and gender parity as the main KPIs.
So this slide summarizes the KPIs we track as part of our For Generations road map. We confirm our main target on climate, carbon neutrality by 2050, with an interim target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 30% by 2030 versus 2021. We are well advanced, minus 17% so far.
In 2024, we maintained our greenhouse gas emissions reduction, Scope 1 and 2, despite increased levels of production in some of our businesses. This was achieved through the strategic execution of our energy transition projects and our successful exit from coal at two of our plants in Rheinberg, Germany and in Wyoming in the U.S.A.
We've had added an additional voluntary commitment regarding biodiversity, which I will explain in a minute. We've made tangible progress in advancing gender diversity within Solvay, putting us on course to reach 30% by 2030. And regarding safety, the overall trend is positive, yet the three tragic accidents we experienced in 2024 serve as a critical reminder, vigilance is nonnegotiable. We must and we will do better.
Finally, I'm proud to announce that we've achieved our commitment to the United Nations living wage initiative a year early with 100% of our workforce now receiving a living wage. This isn't just about a number. It's about ensuring every Solvay employee earns enough to live with dignity and security, covering fundamental family expenses for housing, food, healthcare and education. We are committed to upholding this standard, and we will review it every year.
In this ambitious road map, the coal phase out in our soda ash plants is obviously a key step in our decarbonization journey. It also gives us more visibility on our costs as we have long-term contracts for renewable energies.
In Rosignano, Italy and Bernburg, Germany, we haven't use coal for years already. In early 2024, the coal phase out of Green River U.S.A. was completed by adopting natural gas. In November 2024, Solvay's plant in Rheinberg, Germany completed its coal phase out, and it's now the world's first soda ash plant primarily powered by renewable energy, and that is waste wood.
Another project of coal phase out is underway in Dombasle France, where coal will be substituted with refuse-derived fuel by the end of 2025. And we also announced a new project in Spain to move from coal to biomass by 2027. In Bulgaria, we already burn biomass, but there are not enough resources available locally to fully substitute coal. Therefore, we are investigating other solutions and might complete the coal phase out a bit later than 2030.
Now our 30 x 30 commitment on biodiversity. This is our new commitment. 30% of our land will be dedicated to biodiversity by 2030. We are already recognized for our good practices in several of our sites, such as Paulinia in Brazil, Rosignano in Italy, or Torrelavega in Spain. We are now pledging to allocate 30% of our permeable land located near biodiversity-sensitive areas to support nature conservation and restoration efforts and that by 2030.
To achieve this target, we have partnered with the IUCN, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Several projects are already underway like the reforestation project on our Paulinia site, the tiny forest in Linne-Herten in the Netherlands or the Mangrove project in Map Ta Phut, Thailand.
Let's now move to the 2024 financial performance. Here you have an overview of our main financial achievements in 2024, which were above market expectations. More specifically, I would like to highlight the EBITDA of EUR 1.052 billion, supported by cost savings that are well above our own forecast, thanks to the acceleration of some initiatives. Our free cash flow of EUR 361 million with the CapEx at EUR 355 million shows that the resilience of our business allows us to generate enough cash to support all our commitments, energy transition, payment of our dividend to shareholders and this investment in future growth. This is a great achievement.
Free cash flow to shareholders from continuing operations amounted to EUR 361 million in 2024, thanks to the solid EBITDA performance and good control over working capital, especially at the end of the year. This represents a 34% free cash flow conversion ratio. As expected, CapEx accelerated in Q4 last year and reached EUR 355 million for the full year. Provisions cash-outs, minus EUR 193 million, where higher than last year, mainly due to higher restructuring and settlements of all litigations. This contributed to the reduction of our long-term provisions in the balance sheet.
On the other side, financing cash-outs were lower due to the timing of coupon payments from the newly issued bonds. Financing costs are projected to rise to approximately EUR 80 million in 2025, reflecting the full year coupon payments on the bonds issued last year. Additionally, provisions cash-out is expected to temporarily increase by EUR 50 million, mainly due to the Dombasle energy transition project.
Now let's step back and see how 2024 compares to the past 7 years. And I draw your attention to the fact that the figures before 2023 are not restated for the phaseout of two businesses in 2023, which accounted for approximately EUR 100 million EBITDA. So this chart confirms once again that our unique profile allow us to be resilient even in times of crisis or challenging conditions. We are essential and we have the flexibility to adapt our investments to the market conditions. This ability, combined with the quality of our individual business and the portfolio effect of all of our businesses, ensure resilient and steady cash generation.
So before moving to the outlook, let me remind you one last element, key in the way we manage the company. This is our capital allocation policy. We generate enough cash, and we are deploying it strategically.