Christine D. Franquin

The Vanguard Group, Inc. (VGI) is an independent registered investment advisor and mutual fund manager headquartered in Malvern, Pennsylvania. The firm was founded in 1975 by John Bogle. In 1976, they introduced the first indexed mutual fund, the First Index Investment Trust (now known as the Vanguard 500 Index Fund), to individual investors. VGI provides investment advisory services to Vanguard family of funds and Vanguard's non-US clients, which are comprised of the following: (1) funds established as trusts under the laws of the Province of Ontario in Canada and (2) separate account clients of Vanguard's international subsidiaries.

Vanguard Investments Europe SA (VIE) is an investment advisor located in Waterloo, Belgium. They are the European asset management arm of the US-headquartered parent firm, Vanguard Group, Inc. which was founded in 1975. Established in 1998, VIE provides investment solutions for institutional investors based in Europe. They offer traditional managed funds, equity and fixed income index portfolios as well as equity portfolios.