Pam Holding

Putnam Investment Management LLC (PIM) is a SEC-registered investment advisor and mutual fund manager headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 1971, the firm is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Putnam US Holdings I LLC and became an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Franklin Resources, Inc. (NYSE: BEN) in 2024. PIM provides investment advice across all asset classes to individuals and institutions worldwide through separately managed accounts and pooled investment funds.

Putnam Investments Ltd. (PIL) is an investment management firm headquartered in London, UK. The firm was founded in 1982 and is a subsidiary of Putnam Advisory Holdings II LLC, ultimately owned by Power Financial Corp. in Canada. PIL is an active asset manager that provides investment advice across all asset classes to individuals and institutions worldwide through separately managed accounts and pooled investment funds.

Part of Deutsche Bank AG, Kemper Financial Services, Inc. is a company that provides insurance, brokerage, and financial services. The company is based in Long Grove, IL.

FIAM LLC (do-business-as Fidelity Institutional Asset Management) is a SEC-registered investment advisor headquartered in Smithfield, Rhode Island. The firm was founded in 2006 and formerly known as Pyramis Global Advisors LLC. They are wholly-owned by FIAM Holdings LLC, which in turn is owned by FMR LLC, aka Fidelity Investments. FIAM provides discretionary investment management services to institutional accounts. They also sub-advice funds or accounts for affiliated advisers and unaffiliated advisers.

FMR Investment Management (UK) Ltd. (FMRIM UK) is an investment management firm headquartered in London, UK. The firm was founded in 2006 and is a subsidiary of Fidelity Management & Research Co. LLC (FMR), itself a subsidiary of FMR LLC in the US. FMRIM UK provides investment advisory and portfolio management services as a sub-adviser to certain FMR clients, which includes investment companies in the Fidelity family of mutual funds.

FMR Co., Inc. (FMRC) is a SEC-registered investment advisor headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. The firm is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Fidelity Management & Research Co. (FMR), which itself is wholly-owned by FMR LLC in the US. FMRC provides investment supervisory services, including sub-advisory services, to institutional accounts, principally open-end investment and ETFs. They also serves as sub-adviser to equity and high income mutual funds and institutional accounts, and equity and high income portions of mutual funds and institutional accounts, managed by FMR.

Bankers Trust Co. is an asset management headquartered in Des Moines, Iowa. The firm was founded in 1917 and is a subsidiary of BTC Financial Corp. The firm serves as a trusted partner for individuals’ comprehensive financial planning, trust and fiduciary needs.

Fidelity Management & Research Co. (FMR) is a SEC-registered investment advisor headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. The firm was founded in 1946 and is a subsidiary of FMR LLC, also known as Fidelity Investments. FMR provides investment supervisory services, which include sub-advisory services, to Fidelity's family of mutual funds and exchange-traded funds, qualified tuition programs, privately offered unregistered investment funds, separately managed account clients, and various other institutional accounts.